Did you know Bangkok is predicted to largely be under water by 2030 ?

Bangkok faces a problem of skyscrapers pushing down on water-depleted soils. A study released by the city government in 2015 predicted it could be entirely underwater within 15 years. Bangkok has taken some action to preserve groundwater, such as the Ground Water Act of 1977 that restricted the amount of groundwater extracted. The city is now sinking at a slower rate than before, and water is being pumped back into the ground, but it is not enough to save the city from rising seas.

“The most rigorous solution and the best one is to stop pumping groundwater for drinking water, but then, of course, you need a new source of drinking water for these cities. But Tokyo did that and subsidence more or less stopped, and in Venice, too, they have done that."Other recommendations include the construction of a seawall to protect the greater Bangkok area from rising seas, estimated to cost 14 billion U.S. dollars.

As a demonstration for innovative ideas, an 11 acre park has been built in bangkok to collect floodwaters. The architect of this park says : “We want to re-introduce permeable surface back into the city, through a network of public green spaces projects, like small parks, urban farms, and canals. Urban porosity is critical to managing water stress in Bangkok." Another park, three times as large, is also under development.

The Park is also a welcome glimpse of grass in a metropolis that has just 3.3 sq m of green space per resident. That compares with 27 sq m in London and 66 sq m in Singapore. In fact, in the past 20 years the amount of green space in Bangkok has dropped from 40% of total land to less than 10% – exacerbating flood risk.

The city government of bangkok says it is building flood barriers and underground tunnels, and canals are being dredged and expanded. A “green zone” east of Bangkok is already used to retain water for the city. Since 2013, he says, flood concerns have been better addressed by building regulations. There must now be space for water to absorb into the ground of new-builds.

Attention was drawn to Bangkok's vulnerability after the 2011 flood event, which cost the nation US $46 billion in repairs and rehabilitation. More than 800 deaths were recorded and 13 million people were affected by the flooding.

Water Conservation in Urban Areas

Meeting on recharge from rainwater
at Munirka DDA Flats, Delhi

Catch Rain where it Falls : Water conservation in urban centers starts with retaining rain water in the city by directing it underground. Every building in every block - house, school, hospital, should be channeling the rainwater from their roofs and yards that they cannot store, via cleaned stormwater drains and into covered wells in their public parks. Vandana Menon, Architect, Nizammuddin, Delhi can provide consultancy services on this. 

All car parkings, pavements, hospital and bus yards etc. can be of paver blocks with holes in them so soil and grass can be on the surface to soak in rainwater.

Protect Water Bodies and their Water Channels : All water bodies in the city (including rivers such as the Yamuna ofcourse) should be deified - given names and identities that people revere and protect. It should be the top priority of the government to protect them and to ensure the natural rainwater channels that kept them fed, function. Fishing rights, walks around the water body, water birds, etc. can be facilitated so people use and cherish the water body. 

Make Constructed Spaces Green : The Governemnt should convert public building roofs into green roofs and also vertical greens - can be seen in several buildings, flyovers etc. in Singapore. It should disseminate these ideas to encourage people to grow vegetables, flowers, trees and vines on rooftops and sides of their private buildings to soak in more rain, cool the city, provide transpiration, and absorb more CO2 which helps with climate change. 

Minimize Water Leakages from Pipes : Data on all complaints regarding water leakages should be available online - for example, when complaint was lodged, when addressed, by which water sub-office, with pictures before and after. At present it is common to see water leakages unattended, despite complaints, for days, weeks, months, and even years. 

Government must also begin a web page called 'This is a National Shame' - where pictures showing  premises where water is being wasted are uploaded by the public including the address (not names or pictures of individuals though). 

Less Delivery by Design : Government must call a meeting of all manufacturers of water faucets, both taps and showers, and builders / big contractors to ask for faucets and showers which deliver much smaller volume of water per minute but mist it more, so it feels like as much or more water. Govt. must promulgate standards where certain 'luxury' fittings which deliver water above a certain volume per minute are made illegal for use in India.

Continuous Public Education Campaign : The government must run a continuous public education campaign on TV and radio and on the net (it can ask corporates to fund it too) which shares ideas on water conservation continually. Some ideas to save water in domestic use are : 

• Open tap or shower as little as possible, as briefly as possible.
• Wipe utensils and dirty areas with napkin sized newspaper pieces before washing.
• Store waste RO water for use in washing utensils or swabbing floors
• Do not use plastic pipes to wash cars or floors; swabbing a floor should suffice to clean including in hotels and hospitals - pressure hosing to be completely disallowed for this purpose; 
• Wash utensils from water stored in a utensil to minimize wastage from running water from taps, etc.

Minimizing Pollution of Soils and Water Bodies : All households to store wet wastes (kitchen peels and wastes) separately from dry wastes (plastic, paper, carton, glass, metal, etc.). Dry wastes to be given to waste collector or deposited in public trash bin only when the bag containing them is full and tied in a knot on top. This minimizes plastic pollution of soils and water bodies. It also saves many animals, birds and acquatic life from choking on them. 

All wet waste to be composted at landfill sites as recommended by Almitra Patel, national expert for Swachch Bharat Abhiyan. Farmers to be encouraged to take composted wastes free from landfills. This will minimize the leachate from wet wastes now poisoning groundwater and help build up the quality of the mostly degraded soils of India. 

Recycle Construction Wastes : Both paucity of water and climate change demand a slowdown in manufacturing which involves use of fossil fuels and water - atleast to make it more efficient and cut out that which is unnecessary - so it is essential for example, to recycle construction wastes. Films available on almitra patel's youtube channel advise how to do this.

Use treated STP water for for flushing, and cleaning of floors and cars : The government should require all complexes with own sewage treatment plants to use the treated water not only in green areas as is presently done, but also for flushing, and cleaning of floors and cars. So their must be infrastructure in place to carry the treated water back to each household and commercial enterprise in that particular complex. 

Coastal cities must use sea water for flushing, and cleaning of floors and cars, and not freshwater as has been done in Hongkong for long.

Involve Responsible Public Members : Many groups in several cities have worked on water conservation. The government should seek their advice and ask them to comment on its water conservation efforts. All RWAs should be charged with water conservation of piped water in their area and also water bodies that lie partly or wholly in their area.